[제이쌤의 포텐영문법] 품사의 이해 ~ 가정법 (예정)

보는 방법

• 블로그 내용은 내 필요에 맞게 요약해서 기록
• 자세하게 기록 X -> 구체적인 내용은 교재나 강의 참고
• 강의는 형용사 부분 중간부터 없어서 다른 시리즈의 비슷한 단원으로 학습했음

type 1) 품사의 이해

• 셀 수 있는 명사(a, ths, -s) vs. 셀 수 없는 명사
  • 사람 또는 사물 vs. 그 단어의 본질적인 의미
  • I go to the school(나는 학교에 가다) vs.I go to school(나는 공부하러 가다)

type 2) 형식의 이해

• 목적: 수식어가 끼어 있어도 목적어와 보어(명사 or 형용사)를 정확히 파악하기
• 2형식 판단
  • He left alone. : he = alone → 2형식
  • You should make ready. : you = ready → 2형식
• 4형식 판단
  • (명사)에게 (명사)를 주다
  • I found him a key.
• 5형식 판단
  • (명사)가 (명사)인 or (명사)가 (형용사)인
    • I’m thinking my girlfriend in my class the most clever student.
  • (명사)가 (동사)하는
    • to 부정사
      • 주로 미래와 어울리는 동사와 함께 쓰임
      • I want him to help my children.
    • 현재분사
      • 주로 지각동사와 함께 쓰임
      • I saw Sora singing on the stage.
    • 과거분사
      • 목적어가 동작을 당할 때
      • I heard Sora interested in me.
      • I expected her to be loved by everyone.
    • 동사원형
      • 강제성(사역동사)
      • I had my car fixed.
• 5형식을 3형식으로 혼돈(수식어에 의해)
  • I believed the evidence we assumed true to be unscientific.
  • I found the present government’s policy on education proposed by a politician an unrealistic dream which could be true in some distant future.

type 3) 시제의 이해

• 현재 시제
  • 의미: 항상, 계속(과거+현재+미래)
    • What do you do? (너의 직업은 무엇이니?): 직업이라는 것은 과거에도 했고, 현재도 하고 있으며, 앞으로도 하는 것이기에, 매일 무엇을 하는지 물어보는 것과 동일하다.
    • He studies English hard. : 그는 (항상, 계속) 영어를 열심히 한다.
• 현재 시제 + 부사(미래)
  • 부사(미래)가 있으니까 미래를 뜻하지, 가까운 미래를 나타내기 위해서 현재시제를 쓰는 게 아님.
  • School begins tomorrow. (가까운 미래)
• 과거 시제
  • 의미: 과거의 한 시점.
  • Did you hear the news? : 과거의 특정한 시점에 들었는지 묻는 질문.
• 과거 시제 + 부사(습관)
  • 부사(습관)이 있어서 습관인지를 파악할 수 있지, 습관을 나타내기 위해서 과거시제를 쓰는 게 아님.
  • I often told them my funny episodes on a summer evening. (과거의 반복되는 습관)
• 현재 완료
  • 기본 의미: 일반적으로 “과거부터 지금까지 해왔다.”로 해석하는 것이 좋다.
  • 의미 파악
    • 동사에 의해 의미가 결정됨.
      • He has lived in Seoul. : live(동사가 지속성을 가짐) → 계속(지금까지 살아왔고 앞으로도 살 것이다)
    • 부사에 의해 의미가 결정됨.
      • I have studied English (once). : once(부사) → 경험(공부해 본 적이 있다.)
      • I have (just) studied English. : just(부사) → 완료(과거부터 지금까지 공부해왔다.)
      • I have studied English (for years). : for years(부사) → 계속(지금까지 공부해왔고, 앞으로도 할 것이다.)

type 4) 수동태의 이해

• 수동태
  • 목적어가 주어로 위치하는 경우
  • I love you. → you are loved by me.
  • Everyone respects you. → you are respected (by everyone).
    • 불특정다수이기 때문에 by everyone을 생략
    • 수동태에서 생략된 건 다 “by people”이라 생각하면 된다.
• 감정수동태
  • Socer excites him. → He is excited at soccer.
  • Music interests me. → I am interested in Music.
  • Lots of money satisfied me. → I was satisfied with lots of money.
• 수동태 + 시제
  • 현재진행 수동태: Some are learning Korean in other countries. → Korean is being learned in other countries.
  • 현재완료 수동태: Jay has taught English in school. → English has been taught by Jay in school.
• 5형식 수동태
  • 2형식(S = C)로 취급
  • 보어가 형용사/명사일 때
    • Jay made Sora sad. → Sora was made sad. : Sora = sad
    • They elected Jay president. → Jay was elected president. : Jay = president
  • 보어가 동사일 때
    • We expected him to go to library. → He was expected to go to library. : he = go to library → He goes to library.
    • We made him go to library. → He was made to go to library. : he = go to library → He goes to library.
    • We saw him go to library. → He was seen to go to library. : he = go to library → He goes to library.

type 5) 명사의 이해

• 명사
  • to부정사, 동명사, that절 : 동사가 주어, 목적어, 보어에 있으니까 to부정사, 동명사, that절로 고쳐서 쓰는 것일 뿐
  • 의문사구, 의문사절
• 가주어
  • It is difficult to study English. : to부정사
  • It is difficult studying English. : 동명사
  • It is difficult that we study English. : that절
  • it is no use ~ing: ~해도 소용없다.
    • It is no use persuading him. : 가주어O
    • Persuading him is no use. : 가주어X
• 가목적어
  • I know it difficult to learn English.
    • to 부정사 가목적어
    • 원래는 I know to learn English difficult.
  • make it a rule to V: ~를 규칙으로 삼다.
    • I made it a rule to arrive at the class on time. : 가목적어O
    • I made to arrive at the class on time a rule. : 가목적어X
• 의문사구, 의문사절
  • She asked me where to go. : 의문사구
  • She asked me where I should go. : 의문사절

type 6) 형용사의 이해

• to부정사, 관계대명사, 관계부사, 분사: 명사를 수식할 경우 명사 뒤에서 수식한다.
• to부정사 형용사적 용법
  • 보어(~이다 / 상태)
    • They are to be back by ten.
      • 그들은 열시까지 돌아온다.
      • be back이 동사인데 보어 자리에 있으니까, to를 붙여서 형용사로 바꿔준 것!
    • He is to arrive this evening.
      • 그는 오늘 저녁에 도착한다.
      • arrive 가 동사인데 보어 자리에 있으니까, to를 붙여서 형용사로 바꿔준 것!
  • 명사 수식
    • 명사가 to부정사의 목적어: 만약 해당 안 되면 형용사적 용법이 아닌 부사적 용법임.
      • I need a book to study. ←→ I need a book to study English: 전자는 형용사, 후자는 부사적 용법
      • I have a chair to sit on. : sit on a chair
    • 의미적으로 명사를 수식하는 경우: 위 기준의 예외 경우
      • 주로 way, time, chance 등
        • I know the way to speak English. : speak English the way (X), 그러나 의미적으로 명사를 꾸미므로 형용사적 용법으로 봐야함.
        • It’s a time to go.
        • I have a chance to hear his music.
• 주격 관계대명사
  • I know the guy kind. (5형식)
    • I know the guy + He is kind. → (겹치는 명사는 뒷 문장에서 삭제 후, 앞문장 공통 단어 뒤에 관계대명사를 쓰기) → I know the guy who is kind.
    • (주격관계대명사 + be동사 생략 가능) → I know the guy (who is) kind. → I know the guy kind.
  • I know the guy playing the piano.
    • I know the guy + He is playing the piano. → I know the guy who is playing the piano.
    • → I know the guy (who is) playing the piano. → I know the guy playing the piano.
  • I know the guy loved by many girls.
    • I know the guy + He is loved by many girls. → I know the guy who is loved by many girls.
    • → I know the guy (who is) loved by many girls.. → I know the guy loved by many girls.
• 목적격 관계대명사는 생략 가능
  • I know the truth (that) you don’t know.
  • I know the guy (whom) most people like.
• 관계대명사 what
  • I want the book which is useful. → (일반화)→ I want something which is useful. → I want what is useful. : ~한 것
• 소유력 관계대명사
  • I built the house whose color is blue. : I built the house + the house’s color is blue
  • I built the house of which the color is blue. : I built the house + the color of the house is blue → I built the house the color of which is blue (이것도 맞는 표현) → 관계대명사는 관게사 역할도 해야 하니까 of which를 앞으로 땡겨서 → I built the house of which the color is blue.
• 관계부사
  • 시간: when / 장소: where / 이유: why / 방법: how / 기타: 전치사 + 명사
  • I know the reason why he likes you. : 나는 그가 너를 좋아하는 이유를 안다.
    • cf) I know why he likes you. (간접의문문): 나는 그가 너를 왜 좋아하는지 안다.
    • I know the reason + He likes you for the reason. → I know the reason which he likes you for. → I know the reason for which he likes you → I know the reason why he likes you.
• 선행사 찾기
  • The students love him who teaches English well.
    • 선행사는 him
    • teaches(3인칭 단수) = him
  • The students love him who want to study well.
    • 선행사는 students
    • want(복수) = students
• 분사
  • the drug which kills pain (the drug killing pain): which kills → killing
  • a trained soldier = a soldier who is trained = a soldier trained : who is 생략돼서 a soldier trained
  • Soldiers trained easily wake up at dawn

type 7) 부사의 이해

• 종류: to부정사 부사적 용법, 전치사 + 명사 등
• 분사구문
  • 만들기
    1. 부사절 주어 생략(부사절, 주절 주어가 동일할 때)
    2. 접속사 생략가능
    3. 동사에 ing를 붙인다 (being이 될 경우 생략 가능)
  • 해석
    1. 주어는?
    2. 접속사 추측
  • 예문
    • Living in Seoul, I got acquainted with him. : when I lived in Seoul, I got acquainted with him.
    • Loving English, I decided to be a diplomat. : As I loved English, I decided to be a diplomat.
    • Interested in English, I decided to be a diplomat. : As I was interested in English, I decided to be a diplomat. → Being interested in English, I decided to be a diplomat. → being이 될 경우 생략 가능
    • The sun having set, we started for home. : When the sun had set, we started for home. (주어불일치)
• 분사구문( , ~ing)
  • ~하면서(동시동작, while) 혹은 그리고/그리고 나서(and then)으로 해석
  • They danced, singing together. : while
  • He extended his hand, smiling brightly. : while or and then
  • We started in the early morning, arriving in Seoul at seven. : and then
• 형용사/부사 삭제 연습 → 형식 파악
  • People who want to learn English in Korea prefer American English mostly used throughout the world over British English originated from England because of pronunciation.
  • People who want to learn English in Korea prefer American English mostly used throughout the world over British English originated from England because of pronunciation.
  • People who want to learn English prefer American English mostly used originated from England.
  • People prefer American English.

type 8) 도치의 이해

• 강조하기 위해 문두로 나가는 현상을 도치
• 보어 강조
  • Happy is the man who can say that he is content with his life.
    • 어순변동 V + S
    • the man who can say that he is content with his life is Happy.
• 목적어 강조
  • 어순 변동 없음
  • The promise he broke. : He broke the promise.
• 부사구 강조
  • 자동사 부사구 도치
    • 어순변동 V + S
    • Here comes the bus.
    • Here it comes. : 대명사일 때는 어순변동이 발생하지 않는다.
  • 타동사 부사구 도치
    • 어순변동 AV + S + V
    • On the railroad did he find a man. : He found a man on the railroad.
• 부정어 강조
  • 어순변동 V + S
    • Not only was he brave, but he was wise. : He was not only brave, but he was wise.
  • 어순변동 AV + S + V
    • Never did I see him again. : I never saw him again.
    • Not until he met his boss did he know the fact.
      • He didn’t know the fact until he met his boss.
      • 해석: 1. until he met his boss → 2. Not did he know the fact.
• Only 도치
  • ~ 되어서야, ~하고 나서야: only after = only when = only then = only if
  • Only after a year did I begin to see the results of my work.
    • Only after: 접속사, 전치사 → 뒤에 문장이나 명사가 나온다.
    • I began to see the results of my work only after a year.
  • Only when (he was) at 12 was he able to stand on his own.
    • Only when: 접속사 → 뒤에 문장이 온다.
    • he was able to stand on his own only when (he was) at 12
  • Only then did he realize the truth.
    • he realizde the truth Only then.
  • Only if a teacher has given permission are students allowed to leave the room.
    • Only if: 접속사 → 뒤에 문장이 온다.
    • Students are allowed to leave the room only if a teacher has given permission.
• ~ 하자마자
  • as sonn as, no sooner ~ than, hardly ~ when
  • As soon as he finished his performance, the audience began to applaud.
  • No sooner did he finished his performance than the audience began to applaud.
  • Hardly did he finished his performance when the audience began to applaud.

type 9) 가정법의 이해

• 어느 시점에 대해 말하는지 파악
• 가정법 미래
  • 이론
    • 실현가능성 없는 미래를 가정(0% ~ 1%)
      • 해석법: (그럴리는 없지만) 만약 ~한다면, ~하겠다.
      • 0%: if S + were to V, S + would(could/should/might) V
      • 1%
        • if S + should V, S + would(could/should/might) V
        • if S + should V, S + will(can/shall/may) V
  • 예문
    • If I were to be born again, I wouldn’t get married to Sora again.
    • If I should fail, I would try again. : 내가 떨어질 리 없지만, 내가 떨어진다면, 다시 시도하겠다.
• 가정법 현재
  • 이론
    • 미래에 대한 불확실성(50%)
    • 해석법: (확실하진 않지만) 만약 ~한다면, ~하겠다.
    • If S + 현재시제, S + will(can/shall/may) V
  • 예문
    • If it rains tomorrow, I will not go on a picnic. : (확실하진 않지만) 내일 비가 온다면, 소풍 가지 않겠다.
    • You will meet her if you go to the party.
• 가정법 과거
  • 이론
    • 현재 사실(지금)의 반대를 가정
    • 해석법: 만약 (지금) ~한다면, ~할텐데…
    • If S + 과거시제, S +would(could/should/might) V
  • 예문
    • If I were not poor, I could buy Malibu, a car of Chevrolet. : Because I am poor, I can’t buy Malibu (now).
    • Kang Sora would move to Japan if she spoke Japanese. : Kang Sora will not move to Japan because she doesn’t speak Japanese.
• 가정법 과거완료
  • 이론
    • 과거 사실의 반대를 가정
    • 해석법: 만약 (과거에) ~했다면, ~했었을텐데…
    • If S + had p.p, S +would(could/should/might) have p.p
  • 예문
    • If I hadn’t been poor, I could have bought Malibu, a car of Chevrolet. : Because I was poor, I couldn’t buy Malibu (before).
    • Kang Sora would have moved to Japan if she had spoken Japanese. : Kang Sora would not move to Japan because she didn’t speak Japanese.
• I wish 가정법
  • 현재/과거에 이루지 못한 소망을 나타낼 때 씀
  • 가정법 과거
    • I wish + S + 과거시제
    • 해석법: (지금) ~한다면 좋을텐데…
    • 예문
      • I wish I were a girl.
      • We wish we could report more progress in the efforts to fight the growing problem of water shortages.
  • 가정법 과거완료
    • I wish + S + had p.p
    • 해석법: (과거에) ~했다면 좋을텐데…
    • 예문
      • I wish I had asked her out last year.
      • I wish I hadn’t spent so much energy worrying about what other people thought of me. : 나는 다른 사람들이 나를 어떻게 생각하는지에 대해 걱정하느라 그렇게 많은 에너지를 소비하지 않았더라면 좋았을 텐데.
• as if (as though) 가정법
  • 현재/과거 사실에 반대되는 것을 가정
  • 가정법 과거
    • as if (as though) + S + 복수과거동사
    • 해석법: (지금) 마치 ~인 것처럼
    • 예문
      • He talks as if he knew everything.
      • He talks as though he were my friend.
  • 가정법 과거완료
    • as if (as though) + S + had p.p
    • 해석법: (과거에) 마치 ~였던 것처럼
    • 예문
      • He speaks as if he had seen the sight.
      • He talked as if he had been a teacher.
• but for (without) 가정법
  • 가정법 과거
    • But for (without) + 명사, S + would(could/should/might) V
    • = if it were not for + 명사, S + would(could/should/might) V : 가정법에서 if절 속 be동사는 was든 were든 무조건 were로 쓴다.
    • 해석법: (지금) ~이 없다면, ~할 텐데
    • 예문
      • But for the sun, nothing could live on the earth.
      • If it were not for the sun, nothing could live on the earth. : 해석을 “그것은 태양을 위한 것이 아니라면” (X) / 태양이 없다면(= But for the sun) (O)
  • 가정법 과거완료
    • But for (without) + 명사, S + would(could/should/might) hava p.p
    • = if it had not been for + 명사, S + would(could/should/might) hava p.p : 가정법에서 if절 속 be동사는 was든 were든 무조건 were로 쓴다.
    • 해석법: (과거에) ~이 없었다면, ~했을 텐데
    • 예문
      • Without the sun, all animals would have disappeared.
      • If it had not been for the sun, all animals would have disappeared.
• 혼합가정법
  • 일반적으로 과거에 발생한 것이 현재에 영향을 줌
  • If he had not helped me then(가정법 과거완료), I should not be alive now. (가정법 과거)
    • If he didn’t help me, I should not be alive now. (가정법 과거)
    • If he had not helped me then, I should not have been alive. (가정법 과거완료)
  • If she hadn’t bought so expensive a dress, you would be rich.
    • If she didn’t buy so expensive a dress, you would be rich. (가정법 과거)
    • If she hadn’t bought so expensive a dress, you would have been rich. (가정법 과거완료)
• 가정법 도치
  • if 생략 → be동사 도치(어순변동 V + S) or 조동사 도치 (어순변동 AV + S + V)
  • Were I not poor, I could buy the book. : If I were not poor, I could buy the book.
  • Should he go there, he would be killed. : If he should go there, he would be killed.
  • Had I not been ill, I would have gone there. : If I had not been ill, I would have gone there.